Martínez Cruzado for example employed genetic testing to determine that 61.1% of Puerto Ricans carry Taíno ancestry. 300) Kneeling Female Figurine Fired Clay Dimensions: H 11.5 cm x W 8 cm x D 4. 85-8-12 Mexico Nayarit, Protoclassic (100 B.C. Martínez Cruzado have confirmed the legacy of Taíno culture in modern-day Puerto Rican society. Mesoamerican Artifacts Latin American Archaeology + Ethnography Bullard Collection Honduras Collection Cerros Collection Latin American Online Exhibit See Mesoamerican Bibliography Plate 1. In addition, new research by political scientists like Tony Castanha and biologists like Juan C. In places like the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, islanders proudly refer to themselves as “quisqueyanos” or “boricuas,” a reference to the Taíno name of their respective islands. Many Taíno words, such as canoe, hammock, and tobacco, still exist in today’s Spanish and English vocabulary. In fact, Taíno descendants, along with their culture and language, remain an important part of Caribbean life today. Luckily, science has given important clues about the Taínos’ rise and decline, debunking the common misconception (known as the “myth of the Taino extinction”) that Taínos were wiped out by Spanish colonialism. Stone versions of these artifacts were often placed in graves, showing the believed importance of these objects that needed to be carried on as belongings into the next life.Except for a few Spanish chronicles, such as Fray Ramón Pané’s Relación de las antigüedades de los indios (An Account of the Antiquities of the Indians, 1497), there are few written records of Taíno culture. These consisted of hacha which were representations of human heads with handles and palma which were trophies designed to be worn on the costumes of players (Cartwright 2013).
Victors of the games were regarded as warriors and would be rewarded with stone trophies. The ball in constant motion is a representation of the sun’s movement across the sky and its passage through the hoop, representing the underworld, signifies the suns rising at the next dawn (Cartwright 2013). The mythological associations to the underworld are a representation of the battle between both day and night and life and death. This imagery signifies the believed nourishing and regenerative effects that sacrificial blood would bring. These early reports follow a similar format, presenting brief artifact descriptions with often vaguely defined classifications of chipped stone. Relief panels in the game court wall from Chichen Itza depict a kneeling loser whose decapitated head sprouts vegetation and serpents (Cartwright 2013). Often the captain or the entirety of the losing team would be sacrificed as offerings to the gods.
Painted ceramic artifacts depict kings re-enacting the mythological game dressed as gods. The mesoamerican ball game originates in a mayan creation myth in which a pair of brothers are tricked into playing the game with the gods of Xibalba(the underworld) and are subsequently decapitated (Cartwright 2013). The game carried a heavy symbolic meaning and was often used as a vessel for human sacrifice. Photograph by Luis Miguel Bugallo Sainchez. Mesoamerican ball game wall and goal in Chichen Itza. Surviving sculptures show players poised to use their hips to hit the ball and wearing many layers of protective padding around their midsection to protect against the heavy rubber (Earley 2017). Most iterations of the game involve players aiming to shoot a solid rubber ball made from native rubber-producing plants through an elevated ring attached to a stone wall without using their hands or feet. Most consistently feature courts near sacred ceremonial centers such as temples and funerary shrines, suggesting significance beyond just sport. was an open site and its occupants had to procure other means of shelter. Variations of the game with different rules appeared across different cultures and time periods. cordage is the oldest directly dated perishable artifact from Mesoamerica. It is the only pre-Hispanic writing system of Mesoamerica that has been largely deciphered (see image below). Archaeologists have discovered over 1500 ball courts in Mesoamerica and have gathered knowledge about past iterations of the game through the surviving courts, game artifacts, and imagery depictions (Earley 2017). The ancient Maya are credited with creating the most advanced Mesoamerican writing system, which was logo-syllabic, meaning that it consists of pictorial symbols or glyphs that represent either entire words or syllables. This widespread tradition was invented sometime in the preclassical period from 2500-100 BCE and does not originate with any one group (Cartwright 2013). The existence of the ball game in ancient mesoamerican civilizations served as an integral part of their culture that had physical, symbolic, and political influences.
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